We observe five major shifts in global value chains over the past decade. But production networks are not immutable they continue to evolve. The 1990s and 2000s saw the expansion of complex value chains spanning the globe. Global value chains are undergoing five structural shifts
Given the shifts in value chains, companies need to reevaluate their strategies for operating globally.New technologies are changing costs across global value chains.The rise of domestic supply chains in China and other emerging economies has also decreased global trade intensity.One of the forces reshaping global value chains is a change in the geography of global demand.Global value chains are undergoing five structural shifts.Understanding how the landscape is shifting will help policy makers and business leaders prepare for globalization’s next chapter and the opportunities and challenges it will present. The mix of countries, companies, and workers that stand to gain in the next era is changing. Yet the public debate about trade is often about recapturing the past rather than looking toward the future. Globalization is in the midst of a transformation. Three factors explain these changes: growing demand in China and the rest of the developing world, which enables these countries to consume more of what they produce the growth of more comprehensive domestic supply chains in those countries, which has reduced their reliance on imports of intermediate goods and the impact of new technologies. Contrary to popular perception, only about 18 percent of global goods trade is now driven by labor-cost arbitrage. Low-skill labor is becoming less important as factor of production. In addition, all global value chains are becoming more knowledge-intensive. Using alternative measures, we find that services already constitute more value in global trade than goods. Not only is trade in services growing faster than trade in goods, but services are creating value far beyond what national accounts measure. Flows of services and data now play a much bigger role in tying the global economy together. Although output and trade continue to increase in absolute terms, trade intensity (that is, the share of output that is traded) is declining within almost every goods-producing value chain.
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